内生真菌2K3代谢产物抗菌活性研究

研究了从苦皮藤根皮中分离的一株编号为2K3内生真菌代谢产物的杀菌活性。生物测定结果表明，2K3菌株菌丝体的甲醇和乙酸乙酯提取物对多种植物病原真菌具有较强的抑菌活性。其中，甲醇提取物的抑菌活性比乙酸乙酯提取物强，在1 000μg/mL浓度下对烟草赤星病菌、马铃薯干腐病菌、小麦赤霉病菌、苹果炭疽病菌、玉米大斑病菌的菌丝生长抑制率均大于90%；抑制孢子萌发法试验结果表明，2K3菌株菌丝体的甲醇提取物对烟草赤星病菌玉米大斑病菌和马铃薯干腐病菌的EC50分别为59.4μg/mL、96.5μg/mL和132.5μg/mL；管碟法生测结果表明，2K3菌株菌丝体的甲醇提取物对枯草芽孢杆菌和蜡状芽孢杆菌的抑菌圈直径分别为20 mm和27 mm；盆栽试验结果表明，2K3菌株菌丝体的甲醇提取物在2 000μg/mL浓度下对小麦白粉病的治疗和保护作用均在70%以上。     

Clonal variation in growth,PSⅡ photochemical activity and polar metabolites in Pinus elliottii × P.caribaea

Pinus elliottii × P.caribaea is a widely planted commercial tree hybrid in South China.To investigate the potential of physiological parameters for clonal selection,cuttings of three clones (EH3,EH4 and EH5) and a control were grown in phosphorus treated pots.Significant vari-ations to phosphorous,photosystem Ⅱ activity and polar metabolite abundance in needles were noted among clones.Clone EH5 was the most P-responsive and had maximum height growth.The highest maximum quantum yield of PSⅡin the dark (Fv/Fm),maximum quantum yield of PSⅡ in the light (Fv'/Fm') and the actual PSⅡ efficiency (φPSⅡ) values were also found in EH5.A total of 64 polar metabolites were identified,21 were regulated by phosphorous,while 28 accumulated differentially among the three clones.There were few overlapping responsive metabolites to phosphorous fertilization.In EH5,the abundance of maltotriitol,neohes-peridin and raffinose were highest,whereas galactinol and shikimic acid were lower compared with EH3 and EH4.The results reveal that physiological traits were genetically con-trolled and might be useful for selecting clones with high phosphorous utilization efficiency.     

Improving productive and reproductive performance of dual-purpose crossbred hens in the tropics by lecithin supplementation

In order to study the influence of lecithin and vegetable oils on improving productive and reproductive performance, egg quality, and metabolic profile of dual-purpose crossbred hens in the tropics, a total of 224 hens, 47-wk old, 112 each of Gimmizah and Silver Montazah strains were fed seven isonitrogenous diets. Experimental treatments consisted of feeding seven different diets to layers; four isocaloric diets containing either no added lipid (control), 3% vegetable oil mixture, 3% soy lecithin or 6% soy lecithin; and three high-energy level diets, containing an extra 3% vegetable oil mixture, 3% or 6% soy lecithin added to the control diet. Thus, the experimental design was factorial, consisting of seven lipid treatments by two strains of hens. Results indicate that 3% lecithin as an extra ME source, or feeding 11.72 MJ ME/kg diet containing the same level of lecithin, improved productive and reproductive performance of crossbred hens. Moreover, lecithin at 6% as an extra ME supplement significantly increased yolk percentage and improved Haugh unit score and yolk color, while increasing EE digestibility and plasma total lipids. Hen strain had a significant effect only on digestibility of OM, percentage liver and Haugh unit score, with the Gimmizah strain having higher values.     

Clinical dental examinations of 357 donkeys in the UK. Part 1: Prevalence of dental disorders

Reasons for performing study: Dental disorders have a high prevalence in older donkeys and horses, but the nature and pathogenesis of many of these disorders have yet to be established. Objectives: The identification and determination of the prevalence of important dental disorders in different age groups in a large single population of donkeys, to establish a better understanding of the nature and pathogenesis of these disorders. Methods: A prospective cross‐sectional study was performed on the donkey population at The Donkey Sanctuary with detailed oral examinations of 357 donkeys within 7 different age groups (age range 2–53 years) recorded. Results: The prevalence of dental disease in all donkeys was 73%, increasing in prevalence from 28% in the youngest to 98% in the oldest age group. There was an increase in prevalence of commonly recognised dental disorders with increasing age, such as: diastemata (3.8% in youngest to 86% in oldest group); missing teeth (0–56%); overgrown teeth (15–86%); worn teeth (8–84%); displaced teeth (0–38%); and periodontal disease (0–28%). Conclusions: There was a significant increase in the prevalence of dental disorders with increasing age with the largest significant increase for most dental disorders occurring in the 15–20 year age group. Potential significance: Most dental disorders significantly increase in prevalence in the 15–20 year age group and, therefore, prophylactic geriatric dental treatment in donkeys should be commenced from age 15 years.     

Management- and housing-related risk factors of respiratory disorders in non-weaned French Charolais calves

Our aim was to determine at calf-batch level the management- and housing-related risk factors of respiratory disorders in non-weaned Charolais calves. Farmers recorded cases according to the definition provided i.e. the association of at least one respiratory sign and, in the same calf or another calf of the same batch, at least one general sign on the same day or the day before. During farm visits, quality of farmers’ records was checked and questionnaires were applied to gather farm and herd characteristics and to describe farming practices and housing facilities. Data were suitable for analysis for 172 batches where no metaphylactic treatment was implemented. Batches had great disparity in incidence of respiratory disorders. In the 120 batches with at least one case, the quartiles of incidence rate were, respectively, 0.95, 2.15 and 3.59 cases per 1000 calf-days at-risk. For risk-factor analysis, the statistical unit was the calf-batch located in a given batch. We used a ZINB model because (i) there was significant overdispersion of incidence rates of respiratory disorders (overdispersion test statistic of O = 1049 (P < 0.001)), (ii) probability was high that a two-group modelling process existed (Vuong statistic of V = 2.44 (P = 0.0073)) and (iii) the ZINB model fit significantly better than the ZIP model (likelihood-ratio statistic of 340.14 (P < 0.001)). The risk was higher in open-fronted barns or in open barns compared to closed ones (incidence-rate ratios (IRRs): 1.9 and 1.8), in barns where no annual disinfection was implemented (IRR: 1.5) and in part slope with straw/part scraped and in part straw-bedded/part scraped barns compared to completely straw-bedded barns (IRRs: 1.9 and 1.6). Larger calf-batches were more at-risk than smaller batches (OR for the effect of an increase of 10 calves on the probability of a 0 count: 0.5).     

Prevalence of lameness and of associated claw disorders in Greek dairy cattle industry

The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of lameness as well as the prevalence of claw–horn disruptions, abnormal claw shape and dermatitis in lame cows in Greek dairy farms and to evaluate their risk factors. Forty dairy farms were visited twice, during winter and during summer, and the lameness of milking cows was scored using a 5-point scale. In total 760 cows were lame (lameness score ≥ 3) and were further examined to identify macroscopically the claw disorders. The herd size, the trimming and footbathing frequency, the floor surface, the cleanness of the herd, the scraping frequency and the disinfectant used in the footbaths were recorded. The mean lameness prevalence was 18.7% and that of claw disorders observed in the lame cows was 75.4% for abnormal claw shape, 30.2% for dermatitis and 30.6% for claw–horn disruptions. Large herd size and the absence or only once per year trimming were associated with increased risk for the presence of lameness.     

桑沟湾楮岛大叶藻床区域菲律宾蛤仔的生态贡献

桑沟湾楮岛大叶藻(Zostera marina L.)床周边存在大量的底栖菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum),为摸清菲律宾蛤仔的生理活动与大叶藻的相互作用,2016年5~7月,在菲律宾蛤仔和大叶藻集中分布区,评估了菲律宾蛤仔种群资源量,现场流水法测定了菲律宾蛤仔个体水平的摄食、代谢生理,围隔实验法探讨了种群水平蛤仔与大叶藻的相互作用。结果显示,桑沟湾楮岛大叶藻床海区菲律宾蛤仔的平均生物量为(572.00±20.23) ind./m2,大(壳长为3.50~4.10 cm)、中(壳长为3.00~3.50 cm)、小(壳长为2.00~3.00 cm)规格各占9.01%、43.60%和47.38%。菲律宾蛤仔的排氨率、耗氧率、滤水率、摄食率分别为(0.44±0.15)~(1.40±0.35) μmol/(ind.·h)、(0.21±0.02)~(0.33± 0.08) mg/(ind.·h)、(0.69±0.38)~(0.83±0.66) L/(ind.·h)和(2.57±0.41)~(3.41±0.68) mg/(ind.·h),且都随体重的增加而增大。围隔实验设有3个实验组(蛤仔组、大叶藻组和大叶藻+蛤仔组),1个空白组,每组3个平行(大叶藻30茎枝左右、蛤仔15个左右),实验进行4 h。研究表明,蛤仔组、大叶藻+蛤仔组和大叶藻组间的溶氧浓度存在显著差异(P<0.05);蛤仔组与其他3组的氨氮浓度存在显著差异(P<0.05);蛤仔组、大叶藻+蛤仔组与空白组的水体颗粒物浓度存在显著差异(P<0.05),大叶藻组与空白组差异不显著(P>0.05)。桑沟湾楮岛海区菲律宾蛤仔养殖面积约为0.5 km2,蛤仔每天可以过滤46 t海水中的悬浮颗粒物,并为大叶藻提供0.4 t的氨氮。本研究为深入揭示大叶藻海区菲律宾蛤仔的生态作用提供了基础数据。     

含羞草叶片转录组测序及其黄酮合成途径解析

为了解析含羞草中黄酮类物质的生物合成途径，利用Illumina platform 2000^TM测序平台对含羞草叶片进行转录组测序，共获得94 182个Unigene，平均长度为695 bp，N₅₀值为1 159 bp。共有30 243个Unigene注释于50个GO功能组中，其中“代谢过程”“催化活性”以及“细胞”注释的Unigene数量较多。KEGG通路分析鉴定出49个Unigene注释在黄酮生物合成途径，分别编码查尔酮合成酶（CHS,12个Unigene）、查尔酮异构酶（CHI,4）、黄烷酮-3-羟化酶（F3H,3）、黄烷酮-3’-羟化酶（F3’H,9）、黄烷酮-3’,5’-羟化酶（F3’,5’H,1）、二氢黄酮醇4-还原酶（DFR,5）、黄酮醇合成酶（FLS,3）以及无色花色素还原酶（LAR,12）基因。从转录组数据库中鉴定出7 382个以单核苷酸和三核苷酸为主要类型的SSR标记。随机选出10对SSR引物进行扩增，其中有7对能够扩增出清晰的条带。